Fig. 1

Identification of Ascites Metabolic Signatures in OC II-III, OC IV, and GI Groups. (A) The heatmap displays significant metabolites identified through ANOVA (adjusted p-value cutoff of 0.05) across eight GI, seven OC II-III, and three OC IV biological replicates. Clustering was performed using Ward’s hierarchical method with Euclidean distance as the distance metric. (B) Raincloud plots (combining violin, box, and strip plots) illustrate the significant metabolites: (a) 2-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol, (b) 3-methoxy-4-(2-methylpropoxy)benzoic acid, (c) 4-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid, (d) 4-isopropyl-3-methylphenol, (e) 4-prop-1-enylveratrole, (f) cuminaldehyde, (g) Glu-Gly-Arg, (h) phenylalanylphenylalanine. (i) PPA, (j) Propofol-β-D-glucuronide, (k) SM 36:3;O2, and (l) thymol, comparing GI, OC II-III, and OC IV groups. Post hoc analysis using Fisher’s LSD was applied for group comparisons (*p <.05, **p <.01, ***p <.001, ****p <.0001). Dots represent individual data points, the central line in the box indicates the median, and the box edges represent the upper and lower quartiles. Half-violins depict data distributions. Abbreviations: SM, sphingomyelin; Glu-Gly-Arg, glutamyl-glycyl-arginine; PPA, phenylpropionic acid