Fig. 4

TNF-α decreases ATP levels and increases ROS generation in MDA-MB-231 cells. a MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with TNF-α either alone or in combination with 2-DG (10 mM) and the total steady-state ATP levels were determined by the luciferase-based assay as described in methodology. b As in a, mitochondria from respective cells were isolated upon treatment and ATP levels were measured. Oligomycin (5 μg) treatment for 20 min was used as a positive control. c MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with TNF-α. After treatment, the cells were stained with fluorogenic ROS-sensitive dye and relative fluorescence was monitored as described in methodology. H2O2 (100 μM) and antimycin A (10 μg) treatment for 2 h were used as a positive control